Тема 13. Больница hospital

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Visit to a Doctor

Задание
1. Запомните
произношение следующих слов. Повторяйте
их за диктором:

Задание
2.
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания.
Повторяйте их за диктором:

Целью обучения медицинских специалистов профессиональному английскому языку формирование и развитие профессиональной коммуникативной компетентности.

Пособие включает в себя теоретический и практический материал по пяти основным медицинским темам:

Children infectious diseases

каждом разделе представлен лексический минимум, включающий наиболее употребительную медицинскую терминологию. Обращается особое внимание на сочетаемость слов, употребление предлогов и правила словообразования. Вопросно-ответные упражнения к отдельным фрагментам текста обеспечивает усвоение словаря в режиме его контекстуального использования с целью формирования относительно самостоятельных высказываний . Дальнейшее обсуждение содержание текстов с установлением основного содержания текста и его деталей, изложением дополнитетельной информации, высказыванием собственного мнения и т.д. проводится в зависимости от уровня подготовленности учебной группы.

Пособие также содержит тесты, позволяющие оценить знание, понимание

правильность применения обучающимся медицинской терминологии по каждому разделу.

Министерство здравоохранения РФ ГБОУ ВПО Уральская государственная медицинская академия

Английский язык для медицинских специалистов

Глебова Е.И. Английский язык для медицинских специалистов. – Екатеринбург: Изд-во Уральской государственной медицинской академии, 2012. – 120 с.

Пособие включает в себя теоретический и практический материал по пяти основным медицинским темам, тексты для чтения и перевода с заданиями, упражнения по грамматике и словообразованию. В конце каждой темы представлен лексический минимум, включающий наиболее употребительную медицинскую терминологию. Также пособие содержит тесты, позволяющие оценить знание, понимание и правильность применения обучающимся медицинской терминологии. Материалом для подготовки пособия послужили аутентичные учебники и научные работы по медицине. Пособие предназначено для студентов медицинских вузов и колледжей, аспирантов и специалистов, занятых в медицинской сфере.

, доцент кафедры иностранных языков УрФУ О.П. Ковтун, д.м.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой педиатрии ФПК и ПП УГМА Ответственный редактор: к.п.н., доцент И.М. Кондюрина

Главная>Рефераты>Your Health and You

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Your Health and You

Perhaps everyone has ever asked himself a question: ‘Is my lifestyle healthy?’. If you ask 100 people the most popular answer is most likely to be ‘No’. Besides health freaks that want to live to be a hundred noone does much to improve their health or at least not to harm it. I must confess that I do nothing about my health.

Some years ago most people used to keep fit by doing morning exercises. Now it has all gone. The greatest thing one can do in the morning is to rush to his kitchen to have a cup of coffee. Unaware that coffee harms his heart, of course. It has been estimated that more than 20% of Americans who are over 19 are smokers. This number must be even more for Russia. Passive smokers are uncountable. Extremely unhealthy food rose a guy named McDonald to worldwide stardom. The multi-million fast-food business is based on harming people’s health. Computer games make people short-sighted. Moreover, they top the list of the most mentally dangerous things in the world.
I guess the state of people’s health can be judged by these examples. According to reliable sources, the trend of weakness of people living in megapolises like Tokyo or New York is remarkably similar to the trend of getting stronger in the 19th century. It reflects reality hidden under shining covering. What does this fact tell us about? Humankind is steadily moving to new scientific discoveries. But at the same time we’re getting weaker, partly because of the progress, partly because of our lifestyle.

Here comes the question — how to distinguish between good and evil? Actually it is one of the most acute problems for the scientists to deal with. Actually the one who will find a universal formula of combining technical progress with healthy living can expect to be considered a legendary hero.

Conventional Medicine And Alternative Medicine Essay, Research Paper

 ?Conventional medicine has little to learn from alternative medicine?..

Today many people in the UK and US choose to be treated by methods that are not based on Western scientific methods, that is the science and practice of medicine which is standard in the West. These methods are known as ?Alternative medicine? or ?Complementary medicine? ,which include homeopathy, acupuncture, osteopathy, aromatherapy, chiropractic medicine, and reflexology among others. Chinese medicine is also increasingly popular.

Unlike alternative medicine, conventional medicine has proven effectiveness and is scientifically based, while alternative medicine has its drawbacks and a lack of scientific basis and its results are not always consistent. For this reason alternative medicine is not generally available on the National Health Service in the UK and other countries, and people have to pay for their own treatment. Whereas some people consider it a mystery and do not dare try it because they believe it might be dangerous or unsafe, some others just consider it as a lot of mumbo jumbo and pay little or no attention to it. People who feel fearful or mistrustful of it claim that if its medicines and potions really worked, then proper doctors would use it.

However, since the early 1980s alternative medicine has become more and more popular, and although it is not officially accepted by the medical profession, some doctors do accept that such methods can be effective in treating some types of illnesses. Furthermore, conventional medicine has its limitations, since some illnesses are incurable and some others which are caused by psychological problems cannot be cured by its methods. In contrast, alternative medicine can be effective in many such circumstances and there is a general acceptance that its methods can be beneficial. Many people who have not found a solution to their problem in conventional medicine have resorted to alternative medicine and obtained effective results, as is the case with hypnotherapy which has helped many people in overcoming problems such as insomnia, stress-related disorders, a smoking habit, an allergy, aches and pains. In addition, people who are in favour of alternative medicine claim that it is good because it is natural. But not all the people who have tried alternative medicine felt enthusiastic about it from the very beginning. On the contrary, many of them mistrusted it and felt apprehensive or sceptic, and after their experience they changed their mind and were pleased with it as they noticed an improvement in their condition. In other cases, however, people who lacked motivation in undergoing such treatments and were unable to take them seriously found them ineffective and felt unconvinced or even resentful after their experience. This shows that most probably motivation and trust on the part of people play an important role in the results of alternative medicine.

In conclusion, it can be said that there can be many potential benefits as well as drawbacks in alternative medicine, and that its effectiveness can depend heavily on people?s reliability and motivation with respect to it. Nevertheless it is not scientifically based and cannot be regarded as having as consistent results as is the case of conventional medicine. In spite of this fact, many people choose to be treated by alternative medicine.

Главная>Рефераты>Higher Medical Course

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Higher Medical Course

Medical school education (training) is free and the course of training lasts 6 years. The first 2 years provide a broad programme of general education in basic subjects such as Anatomy, Physiology, Histology and medical Latin. Instruction takes place in lecture and seminars, with most time spent in the latter. Examinations are both oral and written. Stu­dents do not see patients at this time, but many students believe that they should see patients earlier.

Course work includes manу no medical subjects, such as history of the 20th century, philosophy and ethics, political economy, atheism and religion — “paramedical” subjects such as chemistry, physics and mathematics. So the main aim of the first stage of the medical trainings to provide a broad and solid foundation for professional knowledge.

The third through fifth years are called the Senior Course. During the third year students study pathology, pharmacology general surgery and surgical anatomy. In the latter, students learn to perform three basic operations — appendectomy, tracheotomy, and correction for ectcopic pregnancy — on cadavers .In the 4 year – long course of propedentical of eliciting them diagnosis, and theoretical aspects of pathology. The course also includes subjects such as physician’s ethics and deontology. The latter is concerned with how and when to communicate critical information to patients. Clinical practice is begun during the Senior Course Croups of 10 or fewer students accompany a professor examining patients. Students gather anamnesis, perform physical examination, observe instrumental diagnostic procedures and treatment, and analyze laboratory data under their professors’ supervision. Students are evaluated by their ability to write a case history, to logically construct a diagnosis and by oral examination.
In the fourth and fifth years students receive more specialized training in genetics and otolaryngology. Since the main goal of all instruction is to train general practitioners, the lectures are problem oriented and use a clinical syndrome approach.
Summers are spent training in practical settings.

After graduation, most students enter internship at local hospitals in primary care areas such as general surgery and internal medicine. Internship lasts only year and qualifies the physician to practice. Students with the grades may attempt to enter a specialty by applying for a 3-year residency at a teaching institution. Those who enter residencies often became leaders in their fields.

Перевод на русский язык

Высший Медицинский Курс.

Медицинское школьное образование (обучение) свободно, и курс обучения продолжается 6 лет. Первые 2 года обеспечивают широкую программу общего образования по основным предметам типа Анатомии, Физиология, Histology и медицинский Латинский. instruction имеет место в лекции и семинарах, с большинством времени, потраченного в последнем. Экспертизы являются, и устными и письменными. Студенты не видят пациентов в это время, но много студентов полагают, что они должны видеть пациентов ранее.

Работа Курса не включает manу никакие медицинские предметы, типа истории от 20-ого столетия, философии и этики, политической экономики(экономии), атеизма и религии — «paramedical» предметы типа химии, физики и математики. Так главная цель первой стадии медицинских обучения обеспечивать широкую и твердую основу для профессионального знания.

Треть через пятые годы называется Старшим Курсом. В течение третьих студентов года изучают патологию, операционную(хирургию) генерала фармакологии и хирургическую анатомию. В последнем, студенты учатся, чтобы исполнить три основных действия — appendectomy, tracheotomy, и исправление для ectcopic беременности — на трупах .In 4-летний — длинный курс propedentical выявления их диагноз, и теоретические аспекты патологии. Курс также включает предметы типа этики врача и этики. Последний заинтересован(обеспокоен) как и когда сообщить критическую информацию пациентам. Клиническая практика начата в течение Старших Крупов Курса 10, или меньшее количество студентов сопровождает профессора, исследующего пациентов. Студенты собирают воспоминание, исполняют физическую экспертизу, наблюдают(соблюдают) инструментальные диагностические процедуры и обработку(лечение), и анализируют лабораторные данные при наблюдении их профессоров. Студенты оценены их способностью писать историю случая, логически строить диагноз и устной экспертизой.

В четвертых и пятых студентах лет получают более специализированное обучение в генетике и otolaryngology. Так как главная цель всей инструкции состоит в том, чтобы обучить общих практикующих врачей или юристов, лекции проблемно-ориентированные и используют клинический подход синдрома.

Лета потрачены, обучаясь в практических назначениях.
Шестой год доктора будущего больше не называются студентами, но «подчиненными», кто работают и изучение в различных отделах при наблюдении профессоров, имеет ночные(вечерние) пошлины(обязанности) два раза в месяц, и посещает великие раунды и лекции. Практика медицины(лекарства) основана на » три кита » (терапия внутренняя медицина(лекарство), операционная(хирургия) и акушерство genecology); большинство студентов делает их subordinature, и в конечном счете практика, в одной из этих областей.     

Студенты со специализированными интересами (процентами) могут преследовать их,  участвуя в организациях специальности. Например, будущие невропатологи могут присоединяться к студенческому научному обществу, организованному отделом возбужденных болезней. На встречи, студенты анализируют трудные неврологические случаи(дела) относительно диагноза и обработки(лечения). Под лидерством профессоров, я студенты могут принять участие в операционной(хирургии) и ночных(вечерних) пошлинах(обязанностях), продолжать scientificу и экспериментальную работу, конец существующие сообщения относительно их исследования на f конференциях, лучшее которых издано в местном или национальном научном прессе(печати).

Antibiotics Essay, Research Paper

Antibiotics have played a major role in our society thanks to Sir Alexander Fleming s careful observations in 1928. Without it, many lives would be in danger due to infectious diseases.

Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by various species of microorganisms and other living systems that are capable in small concentrations of inhibiting the growth of or killing bacteria and other microorganisms. These organisms can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or animals called protozoa. A particular group of these agents is made up of drugs called antibiotics, from the Greek word anti (”against”) and bios (”life”). Some antibiotics are produced from living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and molds. Others are wholly or in part synthetic – that is, produced artificially.

Penicillin is perhaps the best known antibiotic. Its discovery and later development is among mankind s greatest achievements. Antibiotics have enabled the medical profession to treat effectively many infectious diseases, including some that were once life-threatening.

How Antibiotics Work?

Antibiotics can be bacteriostatic (bacteria stopped from multiplying) or bactericidal (bacteria killed). To perform either of these functions, antibiotics must be brought into contact with the bacteria.

It is believed that antibiotics interfere with the surface of bacteria cells, causing a change in their ability to reproduce. Testing the action of an antibiotic in the laboratory shows how much exposure to the drug is necessary to halt reproduction or to kill the bacteria. Although a large amount of an antibiotic taken at one time might kill the bacteria causing an illness, such a dose usually would make the person suffer from illness caused by the drug. Therefore, antibiotics are given in a series of smaller amounts. This assures that the bacteria are either killed or reduced enough in numbers so that the body can repel them. When too little antibiotic is taken, bacteria can often develop methods to protect themselves against it. The next time the antibiotic is needed against these bacteria, it will not be effective.

Taking in Antibiotics.

To work against infecting organisms, an antibiotic can be applied externally, such as to a cut on the skin s surface, or internally, reaching the bloodstream within the body. Antibiotics are made in several forms and given in different ways.

Topical. Topical application means “to a local area” such as on the skin, in the eyes, or on the mucous membrane. Antibiotics for topical use are available in the form of powders, ointments, or creams.

Oral. Tablets, liquids, and capsules are swallowed. The antibiotic is released in the small intestine to be absorbed into the bloodstream. Troches, or lozenges, are allowed to dissolve in the mouth, where the antibiotic is absorbed through the mucous membrane.

Synthetic. All penicillin types have an identical chemical nucleus called a ring. The chemical chain that is attached to the ring is different in each type. By changing the molecules of the chain, scientists devise drugs with potentially different effects on different organisms. Some of these drugs are useful in treating infections, some are not.

Pharmaceutical manufacturers now use computer-generated images of the rings and experiment with an endless variety of possible chains. Researchers have developed antibiotics with long half- lives (period of effectiveness), which allow taking the medication once in 24 hours instead of every few hours. The newer antibiotics are also more effective against a wider range of infections than were earlier drugs.

Varieties of Antibiotics.

Cephalosporins. Similar to the penicillins, cephalosporins are often given when a sensitivity (allergic reaction) to the former is known or suspected in a patient. Cefotaxime sodium is a kind of cephalosporin that is very effective in combating deep infections such as those that occur in bones and those resulting from surgery.

Aminoglycoside. Aminoglycosides include streptomycin and neomycin. These drugs are used to treat tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and other infections. Because of potentially serious side effects, such as interference with hearing and their ability to make one sensitive to sunlight, these drugs are given with caution.

Tetracyclines. Tetracyclines are effective against pneumonia, typhus, and other bacteria-caused illness but can harm the function of the liver and kidneys. Tetracycline in a special gel base is used to treat many eye infections.

Macrolides. Macrolides are often used in patients who appear to be sensitive to penicillin. Erythromycin is the best known medicine in this group.

Polypeptides. The class of antibiotics called polypeptides is quite toxic (poisonous) and is used mostly on the surface of the skin (topically). Bacitracin is in this category.

Resistance and Side Effects.

An antibiotic acts by limiting or stopping (and therefore killing) the growth of a specific microorganism. It probably accomplishes this by interfering with the wall of the bacteria cell at which it is targeted while at the same time having little effect on the body s normal cells.

When one is exposed continually to an antibiotic for an illness of long duration (such as rheumatic fever), the targeted bacteria may develop its own defense against the drug. An enzyme that can destroy the drug may be produced by the bacteria, or the cell wall can become resistant to being broken by the action of the antibiotic. When this happens, and it does most frequently in response to long or frequent treatment with penicillin or streptomycin, the patient is said to be “fast” against the drug. For example, one may be penicillin-fast, meaning penicillin is no longer able to help fight the infection and another type of antibiotic must be given.

Allergic reactions to antibiotics are usually seen as rashes on the skin, but severe anemia (too few red blood cells), stomach disorders, and deafness can occasionally result. It was once thought that allergic reactions to antibiotics – penicillin in particular – were frequent and permanent. Recent studies suggest, however, that many people outgrow their sensitivity or never were allergic. The large number of antibiotics that are now available offers a choice of treatment that can, in most instances, avoid allergy-causing drugs.

It is well to remember that all drugs can cause both wanted and unwanted effects on the body. The unwanted ones are called side effects, and these must be balanced against the effects desired in determining if a particular drug will do more harm than good. It is a fact that all drugs have the potential to be both beneficial and harmful.

History and Future.

The years between 1928 and 1940 were the most fruitful in the discovery and development of antimicrobial drugs. In 1928 Sir Alexander Fleming, a British bacteriologist, noticed that a mold growing in one of his laboratory cultures was able to destroy that culture s bacteria. Since the mold that produced the substance that killed the bacteria was a species of Penicillium, he named the germ-killing substance penicillin. The first use of an antibiotic, however, is not known, as folk medicine has used various molds to fight infections throughout history. In 1935 a German chemist, Gerhard Domagk, discovered the first sulfa drug, prontosil. In 1941 penicillin was used to treat serious infections. The results were dramatic because patients who received the drug made rapid and complete recoveries. Bacitracin, chlortetracycline, and streptomycin, naturally occurring antibiotics, were discovered by 1948. The penicillin ring was finally isolated in 1959 by british and united States scientists, and the way was open for the development of penicillin was the beginning of an era that has been called the golden age of chemotherapy. Since 1948, a large number of substances that inhibit or kill bacteria have been discovered.

Another use of antibiotics is as additives to the feed of animals. Chickens and beef cattle, for example, can be fed with these additives for better weight gains and to speed their growth.

Current work in antibiotics is largely in the area of viruses. Although some antivirals are available, most have toxic effects so severe that they can be used only in life-threatening diseases where the negative effects are the lesser danger. Preliminary studies, however, are reporting success in the development of safer antiviral drugs, and their use should be possible within the near future.

Pharmaceutical Preparations, Except Biologicals, 1978, Current Industrial Reports, Series MA28(78)-1, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.

Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales of Medicinal Chemicals, U.S. Tariff Commission (1972-73) United States International Trade Commission (1974-75), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

L.S. Goodman and A. Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 5th ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 1975.

Министерство здравоохранения Республики Беларусь

УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ГРОДНЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ

Кафедра иностранных языков

И.В. Семенчук Н.В. Деревлёва Ю.В. Князева

УЧИМСЯ ЧИТАТЬ РЕФЕРАТЫ НАУЧНЫХ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ СТАТЕЙ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов лечебного, педиатрического,

медико-психологического и медико-диагностического факультетов

Данное пособие предназначено для обучения чтению рефератов научных медицинских статей на английском языке. Учебное пособие может использоваться для работы, как под руководством преподавателя, так и для самостоятельной работы.

Практическим врачам, научным работникам, среднему медицинскому персоналу все чаще приходится обращаться к иностранным источникам, чтобы быть в курсе новейших достижений в области медицины. Большую помощь в поиске интересующей их информации могут оказать рефераты и аннотации к научным статьям, публикуемым в ведущих медицинских изданиях на английском языке. Поэтому обучение чтению рефератов научных медицинских статей является важной составляющей процесса обучения иностранному языку в вузе.

Пособие состоит из 12 занятий. Каждое занятие включает слова и словосочетания, наиболее часто встречающиеся в текстах рефератов. Отбор лексических единиц осуществлялся по частотному принципу на базе достаточно большой выборки оригинальных рефератов. Слова и словосочетания сгруппированы следующим образом:

слова и словосочетания к основным разделам реферата (1 — 4 занятия) — в этих занятиях сгруппированы лексические единицы, употребляющиеся, практически, в любом реферате и относящиеся к таким разделам как общая информация и цели исследования, материалы и методы исследования, результаты и выводы и пр.;

слова, встречающиеся в рефератах статей, посвященных отдельным системам органов (занятия 5-12). В начале каждого занятия содержатся упражнения и однотипные задания.

Занятия 5-12 включают в себя тексты рефератов статей по системам

органов. Тексты рефератов заимствованы из ведущих медицинских изданий США и Великобритании и других англоязычных источников. Тексты рефератов незначительно сокращены и адаптированы в учебных целях.

Весь материал пособия рекомендуется проходить последовательно, что облегчит и ускорит процесс обучения чтению рефератов к медицинским статьям. При недостатке учебного времени следует обязательно проработать 1-4 занятия, а также, по выбору, некоторые из последующих разделов. Работу над соответствующим разделом следует начинать с освоения лексики, при этом слова и словосочетания следует заучивать достаточно глубоко — предполагается, что специалист должен уметь прочитать рефераты без помощи словаря. Выполнение упражнений и заданий в начале каждого раздела поможет закрепить освоенный лексический материал. Чем больше рефератов проработает обучающийся, тем прочнее будут полученные им умения и навыки работы с подобным видом научной литературы.

Конечная цель, к которой необходимо стремиться в процессе обучения: умение бегло прочитать реферат к медицинской статье на английском языке без помощи словаря с пониманием основного содержания.

При анализе реферата медицинской статьи на английском языке рекомендуется обратить внимание на следующие подразделы:

Название статьи, автор(ы), источник.

Объект и методы исследования.

Перечень основных рефератов медицинских статей, включенных в данное пособие:

American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine

Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

BMC Pulmonary medicine

Ceylon Medical Journal

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA)

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Medical Journal of Australia

The American Journal of Gastroenterology

The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness

European Heart Journal

Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine

The New England Journal of Medicine

American Journal of Epidemiology

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials

American Journal of Roentgenology

American Journal of Public Health

Annals of Rheumatic Diseases

Breast Cancer Research

Название статьи, автор(ы), источник.

Объект и методы исследования.

Передайте содержание реферата на русском языке согласно предложенной выше схеме.

MEGA-DOSE VITAMIN C IN TREATMENT OF THE COMMON COLD: A

RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL

AuderaCarmen,Douglas Robert,et al

Medical Journal of Australia, 2001, Vol. 175, Issue7, pp. 359-365

Vitamine C is widely used in the treatment and prevention of the common cold.

To determine the effect of large doses of vitamin C in the treatment of the common cold.

400 healthy volunteers were enrolled from staff and students of the Australian National University (Canberra), between May 1998 and November 1999.

Double-blind, randomised clinical trial with four intervention arms: vitamin C at daily doses of 0.03g («placebo»), 1 g, 3g, or 3g with additives («Bio-C») taken at onset of a cold. Participants were instructed to record daily the severity and duration of their symptoms.

149 participants reported 184 cold episodes. No significant differences were observed in any measure of cold duration or severity between the four medication groups. Although differences were not significant, the placebo group had the shortest duration of symptoms and the lowest severity.

Doses of vitamin C larger than 1 g (the minimum recommended daily intake) taken shortly after onset of a cold did not show higher effectiveness in healthy adult volunteers.

common cold – простуда

to determine – определять

intervention arms группы вмешательства

to enroll – регистрировать

randomized clinical trial – рандомизированное клиническое исследование

intervention – вмешательство

additives – добавки

onset – начало

severity – тяжесть, сила (симптомов)

duration – продолжительность

episode – приступ; период

significant – значительный

intake – приём

Общая информация и

цели

Выучите глаголы, наиболее часто употребляемые в рефератах:

investigate (Syn. examine,

result in (Ant. result from)

распознавать, устанавливать, определять

модифицировать, изменять, корректировать

получать понижать, сокращать

регистрировать, отмечать, фиксировать сообщать требовать

приводить к чему-л. (ант. быть следствием)

рассматривать, анализировать; делать обзор

предполагать; говорить (о), означать

Замените выделенные глаголы их эквивалентами. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Acute osteomyelitis produces the symptoms that often another process.

Most donors who had an excellent quality of life.

In rare cases within the first weeks of therapy this drug can cholestatic jaundice (желтуха).

by clinical examination.

In adults the duration of colds by 8 %, and in children by 13 %.

in 34 % of the patients.

New methods have been developed risk factors for coronary heart disease.

Blood enzymes activities .

The prophylactic effect of vitamine C on common cold duration .

10.We reviewed 1597 autopsies (аутопсия – паталогоанатомическое или судебно-медицинское вскрытие трупа) between 2000 and 2010.

a) Переведите следующие выражения на русский язык:

To identify a heart disease; to establish the diagnosis; to establish the effectiveness of different methods, to confirm the diagnosis; to cause changes; to cause infarction; to identify reports about systolic hypertension in older persons; to identify a thyroid disorder; to receive antibiotics for acute bronchitis; to reduce antibiotics use; to affect the risk of stroke; to be associated with an increase in diuresis; to be associated with age; to result in considerable improvement; to result from infection.

b) Переведите предложения, обращая особое внимание на выделенные глаголы и их формы.

cholestasis was diagnosed, and propranolol therapy was started.

In this case patients can methimazole therapy.

Asymptomatic brain infarcts in 145 persons (7.2 %).

in all cell types.

all respiratory tract infections in 39 outpatients.

no differences in the effectiveness of 4 different methods.

44 patients on a gluten-free diet (treated patients).

that living kidney donors have survival different from that of nondonors.

10.These advances (достижения) the detection of , asymptomatic brain pathology.

11.The diagnostic criteria for pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis must

In developing countries data may those described in the United States.

The diagnosis of duodenal ulcer (язвенной) disease must be radiologic study.

in 399 patients.

Thromboxane can favourably clinical conditions in patients with heart desease.

heart disease were analysed.

17.Previous studies relatively small numbers of donors. 18.We the results of mechanical and manual methods of treatment.

19.Jaundice in patients with pancreatitis is usually due to hepatocellular injury.

20.We the medical records of 38 children with bronchial pneumonia.

Медицина в России

Наша страна очень большая и у нас довольно хорошее обслуживание. У нас есть много разных магазинов и рынков, школ и детсадов, приютов и больниц. Единственное, что я должен сказать: сервис не везде развит одинаково. К сожалению, есть большие города и маленькие, а есть деревни и сельские местности. Поэтому, сервис не может быть одинаково хорош везде.

Но если говорить о медицине, то я должен сказать, что у нас очень хорошие доктора. Чтобы стать врачом, вы должны быть умным и храбрым, пройти долгое обучение. После 7 лет в университете вы получаете диплом и можете начинать работать. Существует много разных специалистов, так что в России лечат людей практически от всех заболеваний.

Некоторые медицинские услуги платные, а некоторые — бесплатные. Государственные больницы предоставляют хорошие услуги, но медленно. А все потому, что они бесплатные. Люди обращаются туда со своими «болячками» и образуют огромные очереди. Но все же вы попадёте к доктору, он проверит вас и даст рекомендации. Порой вам придётся сдавать анализы и заплатить за них, а также покупать лекарство.

Если же вы не любите ждать в очереди, вы можете забронировать визит заранее в частной клинике. Цены там разные, но и сервис лучше. Важно то, что очень часто доктора в государственных и частных клиниках — одни и те же люди.

Но к сожалению, есть некоторые заболевания, которые невозможно вылечить в России либо лечение очень дорогое. В этом случае люди едут заграницу. Но я очень надеюсь, что вскоре мы сможем лечить все и всех.

Людям из больших городов повезло больше, ведь медицина там развита лучше. Но все же и люди из деревень могут приехать в большой город, чтобы получить лечение. Вопрос заключается лишь во времени и расстоянии.

А вообще я хочу сказать, что наша медицина — достаточно хорошая. Но каждый день мы должны стремиться к лучшему, чтобы добиться высоких результатов.

Понравилось сочинение? А вот еще:

What are the main structural parts of the cardiovascular system? What function does it perform in the body?

Task 3. Read the text and answer the questions.

The heart is the main organ of the cardiovascular system and in the left side of the mediastinum. There are three layers in the heart: the epicardium, the myocardium and the endocardium. The epicardium the outer surface of the heart. The myocardium is the

middle layer and is the actual contracting muscle of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer and lines the inner chambers and heart valves.

There are four chambers in the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle. The right atrium deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava. The right ventricle the blood from the right atrium and it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The left atrium oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins. The left ventricle is the largest and the most muscular chamber; it oxygenated blood from the lungs via the left atrium and blood into the systemic circulation via the aorta.

There are four valves in the heart. The atrioventricular valves lie between the atria and the ventricles. The bicuspid or mitral valve on the left side of the heart. The tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart. The pulmonic semilunar valve lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The aortic semilunar valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

The conductive system of the heart the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, the bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. All these structures with each other consequently. The system the waves of depolarization through the atria and the ventricles.

Two main heart sounds usually in the fifth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line. They the first heart sound and the second heart sound. The first heart sound (S) as the atrioventricular valves close. The second heart sound (S) when the semilunar valves close.

The normal heart rate is 60 to 80 beats per minute. The normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. The first figure the systolic blood pressure. The second figure signifies the diastolic blood pressure. The

difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure pulse pressure and approximately 40 mm Hg. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) by the autonomic nervous system, e.g. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

The vascular system different types of vessels, such as arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Arteries are vessels through which the blood from the heart to various parts of the body. They convey highly oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the tissues. Arterioles the blood flow from the capillaries. Capillaries allow the exchange of fluid and nutrients between the blood and the interstitial spaces. Venules blood from the capillary bed and blood the veins. Veins deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart and lungs for oxygenation.

Hospital

The medical service in our
country is based on the principle of qualified medical aid. The
public health system includes a variety of medical institutions.
There are polyclinics, hospitals and other curative and preventive
institutions.

Hospital
is a medical institution where in-patients are treated. There are
general hospitals and specialized ones such as infection hospitals,
children’s hospitals, mental, oncological, emergency and other
hospitals and clinics. Babies are born in maternity homes. Urgent
medical aid is provided by the physicians and resuscitation
specialists of the first-aid ambulance centres.

Each
general hospital has several departments. There are surgical,
therapeutic, cardiac, neurology, burns and other departments.
Medical staff of the hospital consists of a head doctor,
therapeautists, surgeons, neurologists, ENT-specialists,
cardiologists, gynecologists, psychiatrics, oncologists and other
specialists. Nursing staff consists of doctors’ assistants and
nurses.

Medical
Academy has some clinical chairs on the hospital grounds. The
medical students study here under the guidance of professors,
associate professors and assistants.

When
the patient is admitted to the hospital he is taken to the reception
ward. After a preliminary examination the patient is directed to a
certain department. There are several wards, doctors’ and nurses’
rooms, a medical treatment room, a dining-room, a sterilizing- and a
bath-rooms, toilets in each department.

Every
day the doctors make the morning rounds. The doctor in charge
examines the patient, listens to the heart and lungs, takes blood
pressure, palpates the abdomen etc. Then the doctor fills in a
case-history and gives instructions to the nurse as to the treatment
of the patients.

Every
hospital has its laboratory for making analyses. Laboratory
assistants make blood, urine and other analyses.

When the doctors see a marked
improvement in patients’ condition they can discharge them from
the hospital.

Anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system

VOCABULARY and PRONOUNCIATION

Task 1. Read out.

heart heart rate

normal heart rate abnormal heart rate

artery arterial arterial blood

arterial blood supply

venous blood venous blood return

pulse pulse rate

rapid pulse rate pulse pressure low pulse pressure

blood pressure systolic blood pressure

increased systolic blood pressure diastolic blood pressure decreased diastolic blood pressure

Medical System In Russia

Our country is really huge and we have many different services. There are many different shops and street markets, schools and kindergartens, hospices and hospitals. The only thing is it’s not good enough everywhere. Unfortunately there are big and small towns, villages and countrysides. So service can not be provided equally in all these places.

But if we can speak about medical system in general, I have to say that our doctors are good enough.

To become a doctor you have to be smart and brave and to pass a long training. After 7 years in the university you will have a diploma and you can start to work. There are many different doctors and our people can be cured in Russia from almost all the diseases.

Some medical services are paid and some are free. Public hospitals provide good service, but really slow. It is because it’s free. People go there with all diseases they have and the lines are too big. But still you will see your doctor, he will check on you and give you recommendations. Sometimes you have to take tests and pay and buy medication.

If you don’t like to wait on the line you can book a visit in a private hospitals. The prices are different but the service is better. The important thing is that very often the doctors from public and private hospitals are the same.

Unfortunately there are some diseases we are not able to cure in Russia or it is too much expensive. Then people go abroad. But I really hope that soon we will cure everything and everybody.

People from big towns are more lucky, because medical system is better there. But still people from villages can also come to a big town to be cured. It is only a matter of time and distance.

In general I want to say that our medical system is good. But every day we have to improve ourselves to reach the best results.

List different types of vessels of the vascular system.

Task 4. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)? If the statement is false, correct the statement.

The myocardium is the actual contracting muscle of the heart.

The left atrium receives deoxygenated blood.

The right ventricle pumps the blood into the pulmonic circulation.

HR and BP are regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

Veins are the smallest vessels of the vascular system.